Early white matter development is abnormal in tuberous sclerosis complex patients who develop autism spectrum disorder

Table 4 Longitudinal mixed effects model results for effect of group (TSC+ASD and TSC-ASD) and group interactions with age on mean diffusivity of white matter regions. Likelihood ratio tests were used to attain p values. Italicized p values indicate p < 0.05. Model estimates are scaled × 1000

	White matter region of interest	Group			Group × baseline age			Group × longitudinal age
	White matter region of interest	Estimate	χ²	p	Estimate	χ²	p	Estimate	χ²	p
Left	Arcuate: waypoint to Broca’s	0.011	0.71	0.40	0.023	0.78	0.38	− 0.004	0.11	0.74
	Arcuate: Geschwind’s territory	0.029	3.01	0.08	0.052	2.40	0.12	− 0.013	1.43	0.23
	Arcuate: Wernicke’s area	0.005	0.11	0.74	0.015	0.22	0.64	− 0.004	0.17	0.68
	Anterior limb internal capsule	− 0.009	0.70	0.40	0.024	1.14	0.29	0.007	0.71	0.40
	Cingulum	− 0.005	0.46	0.50	0.025	2.41	0.12	0.002	0.04	0.84
	Inferior extreme capsule	− 0.005	0.39	0.53	0.020	1.67	0.20	0.010	1.34	0.25
	Posterior limb internal capsule	− 0.006	0.32	0.57	0.025	1.43	0.23	0.004	0.18	0.67
	Sagittal stratum	0.004	0.03	0.85	0.019	0.19	0.67	0.021	1.64	0.20
Midline	Corpus callosum	0.028	2.97	0.08	0.049	2.25	0.13	− 0.002	0.02	0.88
Right	Arcuate: waypoint to Broca’s	0.025	3.82	0.05	0.002	0.01	0.93	− 0.018	2.58	0.11
	Arcuate: Geschwind’s territory	0.008	0.24	0.63	0.012	0.15	0.70	0.002	0.04	0.84
	Arcuate: Wernicke’s area	0.006	0.18	0.68	0.023	0.61	0.43	− 0.003	0.08	0.78
	Anterior limb internal capsule	− 0.009	1.07	0.30	0.017	0.93	0.34	0.006	0.47	0.49
	Cingulum	− 0.007	0.81	0.37	0.018	1.30	0.25	− 0.004	0.22	0.64
	Inferior extreme capsule	− 0.006	0.72	0.39	0.011	0.68	0.41	0.012	2.22	0.14
	Posterior limb internal capsule	− 0.004	0.23	0.63	0.017	0.98	0.32	0.006	0.74	0.39
	Sagittal stratum	0.022	0.88	0.35	0.045	0.97	0.32	− 0.056	4.17	0.04

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